新华社聚焦 | 蔡甸区沉湖湿地变身记
<section style="font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">7月16日</p><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">新华社全媒体+</strong></p><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 133, 115); box-sizing: border-box;">聚焦蔡甸区沉湖湿地</span></p><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 133, 115); box-sizing: border-box;">了解湿地“前世今生”</span></p><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">http://video.app.dawuhanapp.com/fs/transcode/20230716/981/214196_1689506946_transv.mp4</p></section><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><br/></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">原标题：《新时代中国调研行·长江篇｜</strong></p><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">沉湖湿地变身记》</strong></p><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">以下为原文：</p><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><br/></p><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; position: static; box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(47, 133, 115); padding: 10px; box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">记者近日沿长江行进式采访，行至长江、汉江交汇的三角洲地带看到，这里湖泊密布，水网纵横。武汉市唯一的国际重要湿地——沉湖湿地就位于此处。走上沉湖大堤，只觉水阔云淡。透过望远镜，发现远处湖面浮叶上密密麻麻的小黑点，竟是一群在此筑巢繁殖的水鸟，树林里更是群鸟翔集、热闹非凡。</p><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“曾因围湖养鱼导致生态恶化的沉湖湿地，如今已变身‘鸟的天堂’。”武汉市蔡甸区沉湖湿地自然保护区工程师冯江感慨道。跟随冯江踏上巡护之路，记者了解了沉湖湿地的“前世今生”。</p><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p></section><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: unset; box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="text-align: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: unset; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); box-sizing: border-box;">俯瞰沉湖湿地</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">沉湖湿地主要由沉湖、张家大湖、王家涉湖以及周边部分民垸组成，总面积11579.1公顷，是江汉平原最大的典型淡水湖泊沼泽湿地，也是东亚—澳大利西亚鸟类迁徙通道的重要站点。“沉湖湿地的生态环境对长江支流通顺河流域乃至长江都有重要影响，同时也是许多候鸟的筑巢繁殖地。”冯江说。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">沉湖湿地滋养了一方生灵。武汉市蔡甸区消泗乡渔樵村原村支部书记陈为炳介绍，附近的村民祖祖辈辈靠水吃水、打渔为生，“20世纪80年代，清澈的湖水甚至能直接饮用”。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2008年，大学刚毕业的冯江来到沉湖湿地工作，首先映入眼帘的是被划成田字格的鱼塘和密密麻麻的围网。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“越来越密的围网养鱼，让沉湖生态扛不住了。”陈为炳说，刚开始鱼在塘里散养，农民因此增收。后来成片鱼塘被承包出去大规模养殖。养殖户为提高产量，往水里投入大量粪便、饲料，加上成群的鱼吃掉水生植物，水体富营养化严重，沉湖一些区域成了“又臭又脏”的“绿水”，最差时长期为劣Ⅴ类水体。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">除了围湖养鱼，沉湖湿地地势较高处还被开垦成耕地。迁徙鸟类最喜取食鱼虾、啄食作物，村民与鸟类之间的矛盾日益增长，一时间打野鸟、拾鸟蛋等行为盛行。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“水被污染，人为驱赶，鸟儿都不愿意来了，沉湖变得面目全非。”陈为炳说，一段时间里，飞来过冬的雁群常常无处落脚，只好反复在天上盘旋。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p></section><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: unset; box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="text-align: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); box-sizing: border-box;">候鸟在沉湖湿地上空飞翔</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">痛定思痛。2013年，沉湖湿地被列入国际重要湿地名录。2014年，《武汉市湿地自然保护区生态补偿暂行办法》正式施行。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“根据生态补偿标准，目前沉湖湿地实验区、缓冲区、核心区内的农田和鱼塘可以得到每亩25元至50元不等的补偿，用以引导周边农民调整种植和养殖方式。”冯江说。生态补偿实施后，加上工作人员不懈的湿地保护宣传，周边村民们的态度发生大转变。农作物被鸟啄食，村民们都开玩笑说“就当请鸟儿吃饭了”。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2017年起，沉湖湿地开始全面禁止围网养殖，保护区内3.2万亩围网被全部拆除。2019年实施“退养还湖”，沉湖湿地核心区和缓冲区历史遗留的7.8万亩区域内的生产活动全部有序退出。退养以后，湿地生态修复项目开启，自然恢复为主，人工修复为辅。经过多年修复，沉湖水质明显改善，目前提升到Ⅳ类水体。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“沉湖湿地经过这些年休养生息，逐渐实现自我修复，形成了湖泊、沼泽、滩涂、草甸等多种多样的生态环境，为各类生物提供了合适的栖息地。大红鹳、卷羽鹈鹕等鸟类多次现身。”冯江说。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p></section><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: unset; box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="text-align: right; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); box-sizing: border-box;">在沉湖湿地拍摄到的灰头麦鸡</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">目前，沉湖湿地监测到鸟类283种，其中国家级重点保护鸟类64种，有19种鸟类分布数量超过全球种群总量的1%。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">如今，湖塘周围的残留堤埂上已长满芦苇和荻，湖底“沉寂”多年的种子也冒出来，芡、莲、构树生长。湖中，水生昆虫、虾蟹、野鸭穿梭觅食，白鹭不时飞抵，呈现一幅水清鱼跃鸟翩跹的生态新画卷。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">巡护结束，冯江在沉湖湿地七壕保护站为记者展示了沉湖湿地生物多样性智慧监测系统。这套系统能通过鸟类图像、叫声，自动识别鸟的种类和数量，实时监测水文、水质、气象等环境指标。“智慧监测让我们的工作更加科学、数据更加精准，为保护湿地、保护鸟类插上了更坚实的翅膀。”冯江说，相信沉湖湿地未来会越变越好。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section></section><section style="font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(67, 74, 84); font-family: -apple-system-font, Helvetica, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Arial, Microsoft YaHei; text-wrap: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; 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