汉江在武汉市蔡甸区河段，为什么会形成弯曲度极大的“柴林湾”？
<section style="font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section style="text-align: unset; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">河流是指常年或者季节性沿着地表低地流动的水流，属于地表径流的范畴。河流中承载水体的地表低地，称为“河道”，河道具有一定的特征，包括河道长短、宽窄、深浅，以及大量河道组成的水系形态等。一方面河道承载河流中的水体，约束着河流的流向，另一方面河流中流动的河水也在不断塑造着河道的形态，从而形成形态各异的河道。</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">为什么柴林湾弯曲度这么大？</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="text-align: unset; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">今天我们就来看一处形态比较奇特的河道，这处河道位于长江最大的支流汉江上，它就是位于武汉市蔡甸区的柴林湾，又名为葫芦坝。柴林湾距离武汉市中心大约26千米，是汉江下游的终点河湾，河湾全长6.8千米，柴林湾河道呈现“Ω”形态，弯曲度极大，湾颈最窄处仅为67米宽，上下游水位落差一般在0.3至0.5米之间，河岸属于淤积而形成的沙土，抗侵蚀能力较弱。</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">柴林湾示意图</p></section><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">柴林湾在武汉市的位置图</p></section><section style="text-align: unset; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">那么，汉江在武汉市蔡甸区河段，为什么会形成弯曲度极大的“柴林湾”呢？河流通过流水的流动，在不同状态下，表现为侵蚀、搬运或沉积等外力作用，从而塑造河流形态。一般来说，在落差较大的河段，河流流速快，河流多表现为下蚀作用，也就会使得河道越来越深，从而形成V型谷。而在落差较小的河段，河流流速慢，河流多表现为侧蚀作用，也就会使得河道越来越宽。</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">上中下游河流示意图</p></section><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">草原上弯曲的河道</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="text-align: unset; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">但是，由于河岸抗侵蚀能力不同，因而河道很容易发生弯曲，形成河曲。也就是说，汉江形成柴林湾的先决条件是地势低平，汉江流经武汉段时，属于江汉平原地区，地势十分低平，汉江的侧蚀作用较强。在地质历史时期，蔡甸区的地质结构，为汉江河道的弯曲提供了物理基础，河道发生轻微弯曲。一旦河曲形成之后，河流动力学将会发挥作用，在河流的弯道处，由于水流的离心力作用，外侧河岸受到的侵蚀较内侧更为严重，使得河流凹岸的弯曲度增大。</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">河曲演化示意图</p></section><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">牛轭湖的形成过程</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="text-align: unset; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">同时河水中的泥沙在弯道的内侧沉积，使得河流凸岸的弯曲度也增大，从而使得河道的整体弯曲度不断增大。这种，河流流经平坦区域，形成大量弯曲河道的现象是十分普遍的，但是像蔡甸区柴林湾那样弯曲度这么大的河曲还是十分罕见的。如果“河曲”也有发生发展的生命过程，那么柴林湾显然已经处在河曲的老年期了，因为河曲随着弯曲度越来越大，在自然界最终的结果就是消亡。</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">汉江柴林湾河段江面</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="text-align: unset; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">而河曲的阿喀琉斯之踵就是其颈部，因为颈部的两侧都是河流的凹岸，都表现为侵蚀性，从而使得颈部会越来越窄，目前柴林湾的颈部宽度不到70米。那么，最终可能在一次洪水发生时，强大的水流会冲破柴林湾的颈部，从而使得河流河道“截弯取直”，从此汉江就不会再走原来的河道了，而原来弯曲的河道将会形成一个湖泊，根据其形态我们通常称为“牛轭湖”。当然，在人类作用下，如果我们加固其颈部的河岸强度，那么柴林湾可能可以保留更久的时间，让我们能够有更多的机会欣赏到这一处自然奇观。</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="line-height: 0; position: static; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">柴林湾在武汉市的位置图</p></section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px; text-wrap: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; 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