今年冬季需要特别关注哪些传染病？中疾控提醒
<section data-role="outer" class="article135" label="edit by 135editor"><section data-role="paragraph" class="_135editor"><p style="line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;"></span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;"><br/></span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">国家卫生健康委于近日召开新闻发布会，介绍时令节气与健康有关情况，并答记者问。</span></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="149788"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><section style="width: 30px;margin-left: auto;margin-bottom: -24px;z-index: 4;margin-right: 20px;box-sizing:border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 56.33 64.39" style="display: block;" xml:space="default"><g id="图层_2" data-name="图层 2"><g id="图层_1-2" data-name="图层 1"><path d="M10.13,43.6,26.36,19.3c4-6,10.86-8.52,15.33-5.66s4.86,10,.87,16L26.33,54c-4,6-12.48,12-20,7.18C-1,56.44,1.45,44.79,4.43,40.33S19.94,17.1,22.77,12.86C27.73,5.44,38.51-2.71,49,4c12.25,7.83,1.43,26.54,1.43,26.54l-14,20.55" style="fill:none;stroke:#ff8d3b;stroke-width:3px"></path></g></g></svg></section><section style="background-color: #3b6ecc;margin-right: 5px;"><section style="background-color: #fff8e3;padding: 6px 10px;box-sizing:border-box;transform: translate(5px, 5px);-webkit-transform: translate(5px, 5px);-moz-transform: translate(5px, 5px);-o-transform: translate(5px, 5px);"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 25px; height: 0px;box-sizing:border-box;"></section><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="color:#0070c0;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 17px;">提问：小雪节气后气温越来越低了，呼吸道传染性疾病进入了高发期。今年冬季需要特别关注哪些呼吸道传染病，公众又该如何预防呢？</span></strong></span></p><section style="color: rgb(59, 110, 204); text-align: center;"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text"></strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 31px;margin-top: -25px;margin-left: auto;z-index: 4;box-sizing:border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 57 54.99" style="display: block;" xml:space="default"><g id="图层_2" data-name="图层 2"><g id="图层_1-2" data-name="图层 1"><path id="矩形_1" data-name="矩形 1" d="M0,55,57,6V55" style="fill:#fff"></path><path id="形状_1" data-name="形状 1" d="M.93,55,56.5,7.53S38.34,16,36.24,0Z" style="fill:#f3e1aa"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p></section><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192); text-decoration-line: underline;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;">中国疾病预防控制中心研究员常昭瑞：</span></strong></span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">冬春季是呼吸道传染病的高发季节，随着气温逐渐下降，流感、肺炎支原体感染以及呼吸道合胞病毒感染等呼吸道疾病发病风险逐渐增加，可能会面临着多种呼吸道传染病叠加或同时流行的风险。</span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">虽然这些疾病的病原体不同，但是它们的传播途径相似，主要通过呼吸道飞沫和接触传播，感染者是主要的传染源。特别需要强调的是，接种疫苗是预防传染病最经济有效的手段，对于有疫苗可预防的呼吸道疾病，应尽早按照接种程序开展疫苗接种，尤其是儿童、老年人和有慢性基础性疾患的人群。</span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">此外，公众可以采取以下措施降低呼吸道传染病感染的风险，以实现多病共防：一是保持良好的个人卫生习惯，如勤洗手、咳嗽和打喷嚏时要用纸巾或肘部遮住口鼻；二是保持居住或工作环境的清洁和通风；三是科学佩戴口罩；四是通过合理饮食、适量运动以及增加睡眠增强体质；五是减少与有呼吸道症状人群的密切接触；六是做好健康监测，视情况及时就医；七是做好高风险人群的健康宣教，引导提高自我防护意识。</span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">目前，我国已经建立了包括流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒等15种常见病原体的急性呼吸道传染病哨点监测系统。通过这个系统我们可以实时掌握呼吸道传染病流行的趋势以及病原谱，也可以有效地推进临床治疗和疾病防控工作，保护公众健康。</span></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="149788"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><section style="width: 30px;margin-left: auto;margin-bottom: -24px;z-index: 4;margin-right: 20px;box-sizing:border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 56.33 64.39" style="display: block;" xml:space="default"><g id="图层_2" data-name="图层 2"><g id="图层_1-2" data-name="图层 1"><path d="M10.13,43.6,26.36,19.3c4-6,10.86-8.52,15.33-5.66s4.86,10,.87,16L26.33,54c-4,6-12.48,12-20,7.18C-1,56.44,1.45,44.79,4.43,40.33S19.94,17.1,22.77,12.86C27.73,5.44,38.51-2.71,49,4c12.25,7.83,1.43,26.54,1.43,26.54l-14,20.55" style="fill:none;stroke:#ff8d3b;stroke-width:3px"></path></g></g></svg></section><section style="background-color: #3b6ecc;margin-right: 5px;"><section style="background-color: #fff8e3;padding: 6px 10px;box-sizing:border-box;transform: translate(5px, 5px);-webkit-transform: translate(5px, 5px);-moz-transform: translate(5px, 5px);-o-transform: translate(5px, 5px);"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 25px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px;"></section><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="color:#0070c0;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 17px;">提问：冬季除了呼吸道传染性疾病之外，因腹泻、呕吐就诊的患者也在增加，尤其是婴幼儿。请问，引起腹泻、呕吐的病原主要有哪些，应该如何预防？</span></strong></span></p><section style="color: rgb(59, 110, 204); text-align: center;"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text"></strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 31px;margin-top: -25px;margin-left: auto;z-index: 4;box-sizing:border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 57 54.99" style="display: block;" xml:space="default"><g id="图层_2" data-name="图层 2"><g id="图层_1-2" data-name="图层 1"><path id="矩形_1" data-name="矩形 1" d="M0,55,57,6V55" style="fill:#fff"></path><path id="形状_1" data-name="形状 1" d="M.93,55,56.5,7.53S38.34,16,36.24,0Z" style="fill:#f3e1aa"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192); text-decoration-line: underline;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;">中国疾病预防控制中心研究员常昭瑞：</span></strong></span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">秋冬季腹泻、呕吐等胃肠炎症状主要由病毒感染引起，包括轮状病毒、诺如病毒、星状病毒、肠道腺病毒等多种病原，其中以轮状病毒和诺如病毒感染为主。</span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">轮状病毒是引起5岁以下婴幼儿住院和重症腹泻的主要病原，口服轮状病毒疫苗是预防轮状病毒感染最有效的措施，建议1岁以内的儿童尽早接种疫苗。</span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">诺如病毒全人群普遍易感，诺如病毒感染以后病程一般较短，2～3天即可恢复，呈自限性，病例大多属于轻症。该病毒具有较强的传染性和快速传播能力，是引起学校和托幼机构等人群密集场所以及家庭内传播的主要病原，需要重点关注。</span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">目前没有预防诺如病毒感染的疫苗，搞好个人卫生、食品卫生和饮水卫生是预防该病的关键。应养成勤洗手、不喝生水、生熟分开等避免交叉感染的健康生活习惯；食用瓜果前一定要洗净去皮，食用贝类等海产品的时候，一定要煮熟、煮透后再食用；要选用卫生合格的饮用水或者喝白开水。</span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">需要强调的是，做好患者呕吐物、排泄物以及污染环境物品的规范消毒是预防疾病传播的关键环节，要使用含氯的消毒剂进行消毒。在清理受到呕吐物污染的物品时，应佩戴塑胶手套和口罩，避免直接接触引起疾病传播。处理完毕后要对清洁工具和个人防护用品进行消毒处理，以确保个人安全和环境卫生。</span></p><p style="line-height:2em"><br/></p><p style="line-height:2em"><span style="letter-spacing:1px;">如果出现呕吐、腹泻症状，建议不要坚持上学或者上班，特别是食品从业人员；如果与病例有密切接触，要关注健康状况，出现异常症状后要做好病例的规范管理，防止疾病进一步传播。</span></p></section><p><br/></p><p><br/></p><section style="max-width: 100%; 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