每一场台风和洪水，都是对应急能力的极限大考
<section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="86005" style="margin-bottom: 0px; visibility: visible;"><section data-autoskip="1" style="margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 16px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.45; border-radius: 3px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); visibility: visible;"><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; visibility: visible;"><span style="font-size: 16px;caret-color: red;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;"><span textstyle="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 76, 65); visibility: visible;"> </span><span textstyle="" style="font-size: 15px; visibility: visible;"> </span></span><span leaf="" style="overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 15px; visibility: visible;"><span textstyle="" style="visibility: visible;">7月16日起，我国正式进入“七下八上”（7月16日至8月15日）防汛关键期。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold; visibility: visible;">对“汛比天大”的湖北而言，今年还有一个特殊的极端考验，就是</span></span><span style="caret-color: red; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 15px; visibility: visible;" data-pm-slice="1 1 "><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold; visibility: visible;">旱涝并存——一边高温干旱，</span></span><span style="caret-color: red; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span style="caret-color: red; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 15px; visibility: visible;" data-pm-slice="1 1 "><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold; visibility: visible;">一边局地暴雨。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; visibility: visible;"><span style="font-size: 16px;caret-color: red;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="caret-color: red; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;" data-pm-slice="1 1 "><span textstyle="" style="font-size: 15px; visibility: visible;">此前在7月6日，</span></span></span><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;" data-pm-slice="1 1 "><span textstyle="" style="font-size: 15px; visibility: visible;">国家防灾减灾救灾委员会办公室、应急管理部发布的月度风险形势预计，</span><span textstyle="" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; visibility: visible;">7月西北太平洋和南海有4–6个台风生成、较常年偏多，2–3个登陆或影响我国。</span></span></span></p><section style="margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;">多国气象机构研判，今年是超级厄尔尼诺年，极端天气频次还会上升。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;"><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold; visibility: visible;">每一场台风和洪水，都是对应急能力的极限大考，而通信中断首当其冲。</span></span></section></section></section><p></p><section data-role="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;"><br style="visibility: visible;"/></span></section><section data-role="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; font-family: PingFang SC, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Helvetica Neue, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;"><br style="visibility: visible;"/></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;"><br style="visibility: visible;"/></span></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="133073" data-pm-slice="0 0 []" style="margin-bottom: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; font-family: PingFang SC, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Helvetica Neue, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: center; visibility: visible;"><section style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); width: 32px; height: 32px; border-radius: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible;"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;">0</span></strong><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;">1</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; font-family: PingFang SC, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Helvetica Neue, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; visibility: visible;"><p data-pm-slice="0 0 []" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; margin-bottom: 0px; visibility: visible;"><strong style="visibility: visible;"><span data-pm-slice="3 3 },namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml},node,{tagName:b,attributes:{},namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}]" style="visibility: visible;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="font-size: 19px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; visibility: visible;">通信断了，黄金救援窗口就断了</span></span></span></strong></p></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;"><br style="visibility: visible;"/></span></section><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;"><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold; visibility: visible;">当洪水、台风、地震等灾害发生时，最无力的时刻，往往是通信中断。</span><span textstyle="" style="visibility: visible;">救援无人机就在几公里外，救援物资已经抵达，但就是飞不进纵深区域，洪灾中只能依靠人力和皮划艇接驳。因为，没有信号，无法定位。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; visibility: visible;"><span style="visibility: visible;">应急通信，就是突发灾害时突破常规通信限制，保障指挥调度、抢险救援、群众求助的特殊通信机制。</span></p><p></p><section style="margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; visibility: visible;"><span leaf="" style="visibility: visible;"><span textstyle="" style="visibility: visible;">发生自然灾害时，一个有效的应急通信系统至关重要。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold; visibility: visible;">被困群众要报平安，前线队伍要传灾情，指挥部要调度力量，没有通信，再强的救援力量也像蒙着眼睛打仗。</span></span></section><section style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 8px; visibility: visible;"></section><p></p><h1 style="line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 24px; visibility: visible;" data-pm-slice="0 0 []"><span leaf="" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">汶川地震中，空降兵15勇士4999米高空舍命盲跳（资料图）</span></h1><p></p><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">2008年汶川特大地震，数千公里传输光缆被山体垮塌、地层断裂损毁，震中全县通信瞬间中断。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">汶川县城等重灾区与外界失联超24小时，部分深山村镇长达72小时，首批救援队伍只能徒步突进，靠人工传递灾情。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">2011年日本东日本大地震，岩手、宫城、福岛三县超2.9万条固话线路损毁，约1.3万个移动通信基站退服，沿海重灾区通信近乎完全瘫痪。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">海啸重灾区与外界失联超48小时，失联人数峰值超过10万，后续大量失联人员被确认遇难。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">2022年巴基斯坦特大洪涝灾害，全国超2200个移动通信基站被冲毁，信德省、<span class="" link-id="link-1784537253514-0.8839514958014669">俾路支省</span>偏远乡村通信全瘫。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">上百个被洪水围困的村镇失联超过一周，部分孤立村落长达两周，救援物资投放只能靠航拍盲估。</span></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 8px;"></section><p></p><p style="line-height: 1em;margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;" data-pm-slice="2 2 "><span leaf="">美国夏威夷毛伊岛大火</span><span leaf="" data-pm-slice="1 1 ">（来源｜央视新闻）</span></span></p><p></p><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">2023年美国夏威夷毛伊岛大火，山火烧毁当地95%的通信基站和有线线路，手机、固话、互联网全面中断，官方预警系统同步失效。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">全镇失联超过12小时，被困人员无法传递位置，极大增加了救援难度。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">时至今日，全球自然灾害的发生频率有所增加，重大公共安全事件也时有发生。自然灾害是自然现象，我们无法阻止这些现象发生。既然无法阻止，那么，及时进行预警，并且在灾后进行快速应对，就是减少人员和财产损失的最有效手段。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">为将灾害损失降到最低，人类一直在探索应急通信技术的创新，让科技赋能灾害预警和灾后重建。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">目前，世界各国相继制定了“空天地海一体化”应急通信管理体系</span><span textstyle="">，融合卫星通信、空中中继、地面机动、海上保障等多种手段，适配极端灾害场景。</span></span></section><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="133073" data-pm-slice="0 0 []" style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; font-family: PingFang SC, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Helvetica Neue, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;"><section style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); width: 32px; height: 32px; border-radius: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;"><span leaf="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;">0</span></strong><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;"><span leaf="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;">2</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; font-family: PingFang SC, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Helvetica Neue, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><p data-pm-slice="0 0 []" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong><span data-pm-slice="3 3 },namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml},node,{tagName:b,attributes:{},namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}]"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span leaf="" style="font-size: 19px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;">地面装备再强，前提是有路可走</span></span></span></strong></p></section><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">国内应急通信体系大致分地面、卫星、空中三类，各有适用边界，也各有缺点。</span></span></p><p></p><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">地面体系是日常应急的主力，也是迭代时间最长的一层。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">上世纪90年代，国内应急通信主要靠模拟对讲机和短波电台，仅限救援队伍内部调度，普通群众完全处于信息孤岛。</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.6em;"><p style="line-height: 1em;margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;" data-pm-slice="2 2 ">救援人员徒步进入受灾现场（资料图）</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 8px;" data-pm-slice="1 4 []"><section style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 16px;"><span leaf="">2008年汶川地震是关键转折点。当时全县地面通信彻底瘫痪，首批突进队伍只能靠卫星电话传信，全国紧急调集1500余台卫星电话、200多套便携<span class="" link-id="link-1784537253515-0.8208940779554181">卫星站</span>驰援。</span></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">那之前的应急通信保障，主要针对城市热点区域的突发容量，主力是通信车和<span class="" link-id="link-1784537253515-0.5946632215481686">集群对讲</span>，卫星设备占比极低。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">震后整个体系开始系统性补短板，逐步向空天地一体化方向演进。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">目前，地面体系而言，</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">全国三大运营商目前储备<span class="" link-id="link-1784537253515-0.6867078420799895">应急通信车</span>超3000辆</span><span textstyle="">，整车集成4G/5G基站、发电机、卫星回传设备，相当于可移动的微型通信中心，抵达现场后10分钟内即可开通信号。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">前提是路能走。洪水冲毁路基、塌方堵路的区域，通信车开不进去，再强的设备也没用。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">比通信车更灵活的是游牧式基站</span><span textstyle="">。小型室外柜形态，自带升降桅杆和蓄电池，支持微波、卫星多种回传方式，一辆轻卡就能运输，适合道路半损毁的乡镇快速部署。</span></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 8px;"><section style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 24px;"><section style="display: inline-block;"></section><span data-change-font="1" style="font-size: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration-line: underline;"></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0.034em;text-align: justify;">携带基站的四足机器人（资料图）</span></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">更轻便的是<span class="" link-id="link-1784537253515-0.29067295678826843">背负式便携基站</span></span><span textstyle="">，单台重20到40公斤，抢修人员扛着坐冲锋舟就能进村，</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">覆盖几百米到一公里，够一个行政村基本通话。问题是效率低。</span><span textstyle="">广西受灾的是连片村镇，一台设备覆盖不过来，靠人手逐个村推进，耗时极长。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">针对公网瘫痪场景，</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">运营商还在重点区域布局堡垒基站，也称超级基站</span><span textstyle="">。这类基站自带长效备用电源和卫星传输链路，市电断了、光缆断了，依然能独立运行数天，是地面通信的“压舱石”。目前主要部署在政府机关、交通枢纽、重点医院，偏远乡村覆盖较少。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">消防、应急队伍用的PDT数字集群专网</span><span textstyle="">，不依赖公网，是内部调度的主力。近年还引入了mesh自组网技术，设备之间自动组网、自动修复链路，不用基站也能覆盖几公里范围。但普通手机连不上专网，只能救援队自用，传不出村民的求救信息。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">近年四足机器人（机器狗）也进入了应急场景</span><span textstyle="">。它能攀爬废墟、穿越狭窄通道，携带轻量化基站和卫星设备，深入人力难及的断网区域，一边补信号一边回传环境数据。但受续航和载荷限制，目前只能做小范围点位补盲，无法支撑村镇级覆盖。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="133073" data-pm-slice="0 0 []" style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; font-family: PingFang SC, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Helvetica Neue, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;"><section style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); width: 32px; height: 32px; border-radius: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;"><span leaf="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;">0</span></strong><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;"><span leaf="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;">3</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; font-family: PingFang SC, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Helvetica Neue, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><p data-pm-slice="0 0 []" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong><span data-pm-slice="3 3 },namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml},node,{tagName:b,attributes:{},namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}]"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span leaf="" style="font-size: 19px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;">卫星与空中通信，也有</span><strong><span data-pm-slice="3 3 },namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml},node,{tagName:b,attributes:{},namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}]"><span leaf="" style="font-size: 19px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;" data-pm-slice="1 1 ,style:-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;},namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml},node,{tagName:strong,attributes:{},namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml},node,{tagName:span,attributes:{data-pm-slice:3 3 [\para\,{\tagName\:\p\,\attributes\:{\class\:\MsoNormal\,\style\:\\,\data-pm-slice\:\0 0 []\},\namespaceURI\:\http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\},\node\,{\tagName\:\b\,\attributes\:{},\namespaceURI\:\http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\}]},namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml},node,{tagName:span,attributes:{style:font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;},namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}]">兜底限制</span></span></strong></span></span></strong></p></section><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.578px;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">卫星通信是公认的最后兜底</span><span textstyle="">。</span></span></span></p><p></p><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">早期卫星应急主要靠VSAT甚小口径终端，体积大、操作复杂，只能供专业队伍使用。后来逐步小型化，发展出手持卫星电话，开始下沉到乡镇一级。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">我国天通一号三颗高轨卫星已完成组网，覆盖全境及亚太区域，专用手持终端在开阔地可直接通话，是本次广西前线指挥部、救援队的标配。</span></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><p style="line-height: 1em;margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><span leaf="" data-pm-slice="1 1 ">天通一号卫星移动通信系统（</span><span leaf="" data-pm-slice="1 1 ">资料图）</span></span></p></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">但普通人用不上。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">单台终端售价5000到12000元，通话1.6元/分钟</span><span textstyle="">，绝大多数家庭不会常备。而且容量也有限。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">单颗高轨卫星并发通话通道约3000路，一个乡镇几千人同时呼叫，会造成信道拥堵，大部分人拨不出去。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">信号还挑环境。室内、低洼处、密林里基本连不上。</span><span textstyle="">被困在二楼的村民，走到屋顶都未必搜得到信号，更别说洪水没过一楼的人家。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">低轨宽带卫星终端网速更快，能传图片视频，但需要单独架设碟形天线，操作复杂。就算空投到村里，普通村民也很难快速上手。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">近年普及的</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">手机直连卫星技术</span><span textstyle="">，正在打破终端门槛。目前部分新款手机已支持北斗短报文和天通卫星短信，不用额外设备，无地面信号时也能发文字和定位。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">不过，也只能支撑少量双向通信，无法支持多人同时通话，并发容量极低，仅能做个人应急兜底，撑不起全村人的通信需求。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="" data-pm-slice="1 1 "></span><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><p style="line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 24px;margin-top: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">翼龙-2H应急通信无人机（资料图）</span></p><p style="line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 24px;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">空中平台是近年崛起的新方案，比如“翼龙”。</span></span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="" data-pm-slice="1 1 ">翼龙-2H应急救灾型无人机，是中国航空工业集团在翼龙-2无人机基础上，针对灾害应急响应研制的大型民用无人机系统，可在“断路、断电、断网”等极端灾害条件下执行任务。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="" data-pm-slice="1 1 ">在2021年河南郑州特大暴雨、2022年四川泸定地震、2023年甘肃积石山地震等多起重大灾害中，都曾有过“翼龙”的救援身影。它</span><span leaf="" data-pm-slice="1 1 "><span textstyle="">搭载的四网公网基站，普通手机就能直连。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">单机在4000米高空盘旋，覆盖50平方公里，续航超20小时。</span></span></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">它还能同步搭载光电设备，一边通信号，一边回传高清航拍，让指挥部同步掌握洪水范围、被困点位。这是目前</span><span leaf="" data-pm-slice="1 1 ">很多</span><span leaf="">地面装备和通信设备都做不到的。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">目前，各地也配备了不少中型复合翼无人机，续航4到8小时，覆盖几平方公里，用来补单个村落的信号。但航程短，抗风抗雨弱，一旦暴雨伴随强对流，多数小型无人机无法升空。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;" data-pm-slice="2 4 []"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="133073" data-pm-slice="0 0 []" style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; font-family: PingFang SC, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Helvetica Neue, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;"><section style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); width: 32px; height: 32px; border-radius: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;"><span leaf="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;">0</span></strong><strong style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">4</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); outline: 0px; font-family: PingFang SC, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Helvetica Neue, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><p data-pm-slice="0 0 []" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong><span data-pm-slice="3 3 },namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml},node,{tagName:b,attributes:{},namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}]"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span leaf="" style="font-size: 19px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);outline: 0px;">真正的考验，在应急通信体系建设</span></span></span></strong></p></section><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.578px;">灾情发生时，各色高科技装备品类并不少，为什么依然会出现数十小时的信息空白？</span></p><p></p><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">即使强大如翼龙无人机，空中飞行时间有时也需要几小时。算上接报、调度、起飞准备，往往要4到6小时才能进入任务空域。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">而灾害发生后的前6小时，正是村民最需要求救的黄金期。</span><span textstyle="">房子被淹、人员被困，这段时间没有任何通信手段，就是彻底的信息孤岛。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">本地储备上，</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">中小型无人机、卫星终端大多集中在市县一级，乡镇和行政村储备很少。洪水隔开乡镇与村子后，村干部手里没有任何对外联络设备。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">基层基础设施也普遍缺备件。偏远乡村的基站大多没有长效备用电源，也缺柴油发电机，断电即断网。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">区域能力差异也很明显。经济发达地区设备全、队伍齐，偏远县域不仅装备少，基层操作人员的专业能力也不足，设备长期闲置缺乏维护，突发情况未必能快速启用。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">地形的复杂程度还会进一步加大救援难度。在山区，翼龙的高空信号容易被山体遮挡，山坳里的零散自然村收不到信号。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">这些村子位置最偏、受灾最重，也最容易失联。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 8px;line-height: 1.6em;"><section><section style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><section style="display: inline-block;"></section><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0.034em;">天通一号01星发射成功（资料图）</span></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">2024年12月，工信部等十四部门印发《关于加强极端场景应急通信能力建设的意见》，</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">明确2027年建成“公网专网协同、空天地海一体”的国家级应急通信框架。</span><span textstyle="">目标很明确，落地的核心，是把保障能力沉到最末端。最先能落地的，是把资源沉到村一级。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">目前，我们国家已经建立了相对完善的应急通信体系，有了全球领先的大型空中基站，自主可控的卫星星座，完整的地面应急体系。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">工信部把低空信息基础设施写进国家“六张网”。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">先进的技术，日积月累的丰富经验，让我们在面对灾害时更加从容、更加有序，生命财产损失也在持续降低。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">但还需要清醒地认识到，</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">当前应急通信体系建设仍面临不少挑战，包括断网时还在的通信底座，平时就在飞的运营网络，以及</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">灾时能统飞的调度权。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">自媒体低空社提出，</span><span leaf="" data-pm-slice="1 1 ">低空智联网在平时是产业设施，在灾时直接等于救援半径。</span><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">应急救援不是低空经济的“场景之一”</span>，它是对低空体系平时建设质量的总验收。<span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">应急能力＝通信底座 × 运营网络 × 调度权</span>，<span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">三项相乘，任何一项为零，总分即为零。</span></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 8px;"></section><section style="line-height: 1em;margin-bottom: 24px;"><span data-pm-slice="0 0 []"><span leaf="" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">芜湖无人机配送AED</span><span data-pm-slice="0 0 []"><span leaf="" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;" data-pm-slice="1 1 },namespaceURI:http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}]">（自动体外除颤器）</span></span><span leaf="" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">覆盖长江航道（资料图）</span></span></section><section data-mpa-md-key="text" style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;" data-darkmode-bgcolor="rgb(194, 190, 177)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor="rgb(252, 247, 229)" data-darkmode-color="rgb(1, 93, 88)" data-darkmode-original-color="rgb(1, 93, 88)" data-mpa-md-action-id="$id" data-pm-slice="0 0 []"><span leaf="">深圳龙华的美团低空航网已常态化运营；天津2025年4月起用无人机在医院间送急救血液，60公里18分钟，比地面快42分钟；合肥在探索“无人机送AED”的城市网络。</span></section><section data-mpa-md-key="text" style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;" data-darkmode-bgcolor="rgb(194, 190, 177)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor="rgb(252, 247, 229)" data-darkmode-color="rgb(1, 93, 88)" data-darkmode-original-color="rgb(1, 93, 88)" data-mpa-md-action-id="$id" data-pm-slice="0 0 []"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="">这些航线平时看是外卖、是血袋、是心脏除颤器——航线数据、起降点、熟练机组、维保体系都在日复一日的飞行里沉淀。</span><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">灾时把货舱换成救灾物资，网络原地转为应急网。</span></span></section><section data-mpa-md-key="text" style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;" data-darkmode-bgcolor="rgb(194, 190, 177)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor="rgb(252, 247, 229)" data-darkmode-color="rgb(1, 93, 88)" data-darkmode-original-color="rgb(1, 93, 88)" data-mpa-md-action-id="$id"><span leaf=""><span textstyle="" style="font-weight: bold;">而很多受灾的地区并没有这张网。临时调来的无人机面对的是零航线数据、零固定起降点、陌生地形加断网环境，只能贴着信号边缘“梯进”。</span></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span leaf="">我们无法阻止极端天气和灾害的发生，但一套有效管用的通信底座、运营网络和调度能力的应急体系建设，才是对现代救灾能力的最大考验，也是灾害发生时，人民群众生命安全的最后保障。</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"></section><p></p><p><br/></p><p><br/></p><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(67, 74, 84); font-family: -apple-system-font, Helvetica, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Arial, Microsoft YaHei; font-size: 14px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; height: 1px; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em;"><span leaf="" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"/></span></section></section></section><p style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(67, 74, 84); font-family: -apple-system-font, Helvetica, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Arial, Microsoft YaHei; font-size: 14px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span leaf="" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">来源：观一线</span></p><p style="overflow-wrap: break-word !important; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; padding: 0px; color: rgb(67, 74, 84); font-size: 14px; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="overflow-wrap: 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