莫让农田“消瘦” 挖田种树养鱼使不得
<section data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><br/></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“农田就是农田，而且必须是良田。”2022年3月，习近平总书记在看望全国政协农业界、社会福利和社会保障界委员时强调指出。短短13个字，鲜明地道出守住耕地红线，不仅数量上不能减少，质量上也不能搞“变通”。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">农田姓“农”，良田必须种粮，禁止挖田种树养鱼。今天，我们从耕作层这一概念入手，跟大家聊聊为什么不能挖田种树养鱼。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: perspective(0px);transform-style: flat;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="transform: translate3d(14px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 34px;vertical-align: top;border-top: 1px solid rgb(26, 172, 75);border-top-left-radius: 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(-6px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 19px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(26, 172, 75);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px;margin: 7px 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;background-image: linear-gradient(to top, rgb(40, 192, 68) 0%, rgb(50, 194, 189) 100%);padding: 10px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">耕作层：耕地土壤里“极品中的极品”</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: perspective(0px);transform-style: flat;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="transform: translate3d(-21px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 34px;vertical-align: top;border-top: 1px solid rgb(26, 172, 75);border-top-left-radius: 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: flex-start;transform: translate3d(9px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 19px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(26, 172, 75);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">耕地是我国最为宝贵的资源。永久基本农田是耕地的精华，是耕地中最优质、最高产的一部分。而农田的耕作层绝对是耕地土壤里“极品中的极品”。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">耕作层是指由长期耕作形成的土壤表层，具体在土壤的哪个位置呢？</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">土壤从上到下分为表土层、心土层、底土层。表土层又可以分为耕作层和犁底层。耕作层的厚度一般为15~20cm，与下伏层区分明显，养分含量比较丰富。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">据相关资料表明，自然形成1厘米厚土壤需要200年，1厘米厚耕作层土壤则需要200至400年。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">这历经长期自然演化和耕作培肥形成的耕作层，是不可再生资源，是农业生产物质基础，是确保国家粮食安全的重要保障，是农民生产生活的保证。</p></section></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: perspective(0px);transform-style: flat;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="transform: translate3d(14px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 34px;vertical-align: top;border-top: 1px solid rgb(26, 172, 75);border-top-left-radius: 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(-6px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 19px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(26, 172, 75);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px;margin: 7px 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;background-image: linear-gradient(to top, rgb(40, 192, 68) 0%, rgb(50, 194, 189) 100%);padding: 10px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">耕作层：有多珍贵就有多脆弱</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: perspective(0px);transform-style: flat;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="transform: translate3d(-21px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 34px;vertical-align: top;border-top: 1px solid rgb(26, 172, 75);border-top-left-radius: 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: flex-start;transform: translate3d(9px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 19px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(26, 172, 75);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><section style="font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">耕作层的厚薄，在一定程度上影响着耕地的质量。由于经常受农事活动干扰和外界自然因素影响，其水分物理性质和速效养分含量的季节性变化较大。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">虽然耕作层“阅历丰富”，但也经受不住致命的创伤与打击。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">如果为了追求短期的经济利益，而在农田上种树，土壤的养分会大幅度地流失。移树后，农田处处留下大窟窿。原本肥沃的良田，日渐“消瘦”，以后想种好庄稼就很难了。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“田不如旧”，一朝一夕形成不了十几厘米的耕作层。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">占田挖塘养鱼更是对耕作层的一种“酷刑”，一挖就是几米深。如此珍贵的耕作层，有的被丢弃，有的露天堆放作为田耕道路，导致农田地力严重降低。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">近年来，保护耕作层愈发被提上日程。2020年9月，国务院办公厅发布《关于坚决制止耕地“非农化”行为的通知》，禁止占用永久基本农田种植苗木、草皮等用于绿化装饰以及其他破坏耕作层的植物。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">同年11月，《国务院办公厅关于防止耕地“非粮化”稳定粮食生产的意见》进一步明确，禁止占用永久基本农田从事林果业以及挖塘养鱼、非法取土等破坏耕作层的行为。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">从这两份文件不难看出，耕地“非农化”“非粮化”，核心就是占了耕地，最关键的就是破坏了耕地的耕作层，影响了耕地的质量。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">依据新修订的《土地管理法》《土地管理法实施条例》，非法占用永久基本农田发展林果业或者挖塘养鱼的，由县级以上人民政府自然资源主管部门责令限期改正；逾期不改正的，按占用面积处耕地开垦费2倍以上5倍以下的罚款；破坏种植条件的，由县级以上人民政府自然资源主管部门、农业农村主管部门等按照职责责令限期改正或者治理，可以并处罚款；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"/></p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; 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